2.17 Just-in-time clause indexing

SWI-Prolog provides‘just-in-time’indexing over multiple arguments.^{36JIT indexing was added in version 5.11.29 (Oct. 2011).} ‘Just-in-time’means that clause indexes are not built by the compiler (or asserta/1 for dynamic predicates), but on the first call to such a predicate where an index might help (i.e., a call where at least one argument is instantiated). This section describes the rules used by the indexing logic. Note that this logic is not‘set in stone’. The indexing capabilities of the system will change. Although this inevitably leads to some regressing on some particular use cases, we strive to avoid significant slowdowns.

The list below describes the clause selection process for various predicates and calls. The alternatives are considered in the order they are presented.

• Special purpose code
  Currently two special cases are recognised by the compiler: static code with exactly one clause and static code with two clauses, one where the first argument is the empty list ([]) and one where the first argument is a non-empty list ([_|_]).

• Linear scan on first argument
  The principal clause list maintains a key for the first argument. An indexing key is either a constant or a functor (name/arity reference). Calls with an instantiated first argument and less than 10 clauses perform a linear scan for a possible matching clause using this index key. If the result is deterministic it is used. Otherwise the system looks for better indexes.^{37Up to 7.7.2 this result was used also when non-deterministic.}.

• Hash lookup
  If none of the above applies, the system considers the available hash tables for which the corresponding argument is instantiated. If a table is found with acceptable characteristics, it is used. Otherwise it assesses the clauses for all instantiated arguments and selects the best candidate for creating a new hash table. If there is no single argument that provides an acceptable hash quality it will search for a combination of arguments.^{38The last step was added in SWI-Prolog 7.5.8.} Searching for index candidates is only performed on the first 254 arguments.

  If a single-argument index contains multiple compound terms with the same name and arity and at least one non-variable argument, a list index is created. A subsequent query where this argument is bound to a compound causes jiti indexing to be applied recursively on the arguments of the term. This is called deep indexing.^{39Deep indexing was added in version 7.7.4.} See also section 2.17.1

  Clauses that have a variable at an otherwise indexable argument must be linked into all hash buckets. Currently, predicates that have more than 10% such clauses for a specific argument are not considered for indexing on that argument.

  Disregarding variables, the suitability of an argument for hashing is expressed as the number of unique indexable values divided by the standard deviation of the number of duplicate values for each value plus one.^{40Earlier versions simply used the number of unique values, but poor distribution of values makes a table less suitable. This was analysed by Fabien Noth and Günter Kniesel.}

  The indexes of dynamic predicates are deleted if the number of clauses is doubled since its creation or reduced below 1/4th. The JIT approach will recreate a suitable index on the next call. Indexes of running predicates cannot be deleted. They are added to a‘removed index list’associated to the predicate. Outdated indexes of predicates are reclaimed by garbage_collect_clauses/0. The clause garbage collector is scheduled automatically, based on time and space based heuristics. See garbage_collect_clauses/0 for details.

The library library(prolog_jiti) provides jiti_list/0,1 to list the characteristics of all or some of the created hash tables.

Dynamic predicates are indexed using the same rules as static predicates, except that the special purpose schemes are never applied. In addition, the JITI index is discarded if the number of clauses has doubled since the predicate was last assessed or shrinks below one fourth. A subsequent call reassesses the statistics of the dynamic predicate and, when applicable, creates a new index.

2.17.1 Deep indexing

As introduced in section 2.17, deep indexing creates hash tables distinguish clauses that share a compound with the same name and arity. Deep indexes allow for efficient lookup of arbitrary terms. Without it is advised to flatten the term, i.e., turn F(X) into two arguments for the fact, one argument denoting the functor F and the second the argument X. This works fine as long as the arity of the each of the terms is the same. Alternatively we can use term_hash/2 or term_hash/4 to add a column holding the hash of the term. That approach can deal with arbitrary arities, but requires us to know that the term is ground (term_hash/2) or up to which depth we get sufficient selectivity (term_hash/4).

Deep indexing does not require this knowledge and leads to efficient lookup regardless of the instantiation of the query and term. The current version does come with some limitations:

• The decision which index to use is taken independently at each level. Future versions may be smarter on this.
• Deep indexing only applies to a single argument indexes (on any argument).
• Currently, the depth of indexing is limited to 7 levels.

Note that, when compiling DCGs (see section 4.13) and the first body term is a literal, it is included into the clause head. See for example the grammar and its plain Prolog representation below.

det(det(a), sg)  --> "a".
det(det(an), pl) --> "an".
det(det(the), _) --> "the".

?- listing(det).
det(det(a), sg, [97|A], A).
det(det(an), pl, [97, 110|A], A).
det(det(the), _, [116, 104, 101|A], A).

Deep argument indexing will create indexes for the 3rd list argument, providing speedup and making clause selection deterministic if all rules start with a literal and all literals are unique in the first 6 elements. Note that deep index creation stops as soon as a deterministic choice can be made or there are no two clauses that have the same name/arity combination.

2.17.2 Future directions

• The‘special cases’can be extended. This is notably attractive for static predicates with a relatively small number of clauses where a hash lookup is too costly.

• Create an efficient decision diagram for selecting between low numbers of static clauses.

• Implement a better judgements for selecting between deep and plain indexes.

2.17.3 Indexing for body code

The current SWI-Prolog versions only consider the head for generating clause indexing. This would make it impossible to examine a head argument and pass the argument in the body without copying the argument. Consider the two clauses below. Both have equal semantics under Prolog. The first version would loose clause indexing while the second creates a copy of the f/1 argument. Neither is desirable.

p(X) :- X = f(I), integer(I), q(X).
p(f(I)) :- integer(I), q(f(X)).

As of SWI-Prolog 8.3.21, unifications against head arguments that happen before anything else in the body are compiled special. Effectively, the term unified too is moved into the head (providing indexing) and places where this term is used simply use the corresponding argument. The explicit unification is removed. Decompilation (clause/2) reverses this process, but may not produce exactly the same term. The re-inserted unfications are ordered according to the argument position and the variable is always on the left hand of the =/2. Thus,

p(X,Y) :- f(_) = Y, X = g(_), q(X,Y).

Is decompiled into the following equivalent clause.

p(X,Y) :- X = g(_), Y = f(_), q(X,Y).

Additional notes:

• This transformation is only performed on static code.
• The unifications must immediately follow the head in a conjunction.
• As sole exception, calls to true/0 are skipped. This allows goal_expansion/2 to convert goals to true while preserving this optimization.
• If the head argument is not used the body unification is still moved into the head. The decompiler does not inverse the process in that case. Thus, p(X) :- X = a. is fully equivalent to p(a).
• Currently this optimziation is enabled regardless of the Prolog flag optimise. As this optimization harms source-level debugging, this may not be desirable. On the other hand we do not want determinism to depend on optimization while this optimization affects determinism.

2.17.4 Indexing and portability

The base-line functionality of Prolog implementations provides indexing on constants and functor (name/arity) on the first argument. This must be your assumption if wide portability of your program is important. This can typically be achieved by exploiting term_hash/2 or term_hash/4 and/or maintaining multiple copies of a predicate with reordered arguments and wrappers that update all implementations (assert/retract) and selects the appropriate implementation (query).

YAP provides full JIT indexing, including indexing arguments of compound terms. YAP's indexing has been the inspiration for enhancing SWI-Prolog's indexing capabilities.