Errors are abnormalities that are detected during a programs execution. Errors may be caused by bugs in XPCE, bugs in the application program and finally by the application user making errors in operating the application (e.g. specifying a protected file).
Errors may also be discriminated according to their `seriousness': If a certain font cannot be found it can easily be substituted by another. If a method expects an integer argument but the actual argument is a graphical object it is impossible to carry-out the operation. In such cases XPCE will normally trap the tracer. If the user decides to continue execution the method will return failure to its caller. Finally, some problems are categorised as `fatal'. When such a problem is encountered XPCE does not know how execution can be continued.
All errors (except for some that may result from XPCE bugs during the boot phase of XPCE) are represented by an error object. An error object has the following properties:
print
the
error is printed in the Prolog window. If report
the error
is reported using the report mechanism described in
section 10.7. The `report'
mechanism is for errors that may be caused by application users, for
example file errors. If throw
and there is a Prolog goal on
the stack, the error is mapped to a Prolog exception. See below.
In the runtime-system, all errors use feedback `report'.
The online manual ``Errors Browser'' may be used to examine the defined errors; change attributes of errors and get precise description of errors.
Sometimes the application wants to anticipate on certain errors. Explicit testing of all conditions is a cumbersome solution to this problem. Therefore XPCE allows catching of errors by the application.
There are two mechanism available to do this. Regardless of the
`error<-
feedback'
type of the error, all except fatal errors can be silenced using pce_catch_error/2:
<-
last_error'.
ErrorSpec is the <-
id of an error, a
chain holding error-ids or @default.
The latter implies none but fatal errors are reported.
The example below silently ignores errors from creating a backup of File. Note that the call does fail if backup raises an error.
..., pce_catch_error(backup_file, send(File, backup)), ...
If the <-
feedback of the error is throw
and the error is not silenced with pce_catch_error/2
it is mapped to a Prolog exception of the form
error(pce(Id, ContextArgs)
, Goal)
For example:
?- catch(send(@pce, foobar), E, true). E = error(pce(no_behaviour, [@pce/pce, (->), foobar]), send(@pce/pce, foobar))
The application programmer may define new (application specific)
errors. The error object is a normal XPCE object
and may thus be created using new/2.
An error is raised by invoking `object->
error'.
The example below illustrates this:
:- new(_, error(no_user, '%N: Unknown user: %s', warning, report)). ..., ( get(UserDatabase, user, Name) -> ... ; send(UserDatabase, error, no_user, Name) ), ...
Note that the names of errors should be unique. It is advised to reuse existing error-id's if possible.
On trapping certain `repairable` errors, XPCE will first raise an exception. Exceptions may be trapped by an exception handler which may solve the problem. If the exception-handler fails to solve the problem, XPCE will raise an error. See section 10.8.
Exceptions are raised by invoking `@pce->
exception:
id, arg ...'. Exception handlers are registered in the sheet `@pce->
exception_handlers',
which maps an exception-id onto a code object that handles the
exception. The following illustrates this:
1 ?- [user]. |: add_user(Name) :- write(Name), nl. ^D 2 ?- send(@pce?exception_handlers, value, no_user, message(@prolog, add_user, @arg1)). 3 ?- send(@pce, exception, no_user, fred). fred
The context arguments passed with an exception are defined
by the code raising the exception. The currently defined exceptions are
listed below. See also the online manual: `pce->
exception'
and
`pce<-
exception_handlers'.
<-
object';
create a subclass. @arg1 is bound to
the class-name. This trap is used by pce_autoload/2,
as well as by the code that realises compiled classes.
library(pce_renew)
.
->
initialisation
method for some instance failed. @arg1
is bound to the (partial) instance; @arg2,
... are bound to the arguments given to the new-operation.