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The project source files |
Organisation of source files depends largely on the size of your project. If you are doing exercises for a Prolog course you'll normally use one file for each exercise. If you have a small project you'll work with one directory holding a couple of files and some files to link it all together. Even bigger projects will be organised in sub-projects, each using its own directory.
The first
consideration is what extension to use for the source files. Tradition
calls for .pl
, but conflicts with Perl force the use of
another extension on systems where extensions have global meaning, such
as MS-Windows. On such systems .pro
is the common
alternative. On MS-Windows, the alternative extension is stored in the
registry key
HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/SWI/Prolog/fileExtension
or
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/Software/SWI/Prolog/fileExtension
. All
versions of SWI-Prolog load files with the extension .pl
as
well as with the registered alternative extension without explicitly
specifying the extension. For portability reasons we propose the
following convention:
.pl
..pro
and use this extension for the files you want
to load through your file manager. Use
.pl
for all other files for maximal portability.
Large projects are generally composed of sub-projects, each using its own directory or directory structure. If nobody else will ever touch your files and you use only one computer, there is little to worry about, but this is rarely the case with a large project.
To improve portability, SWI-Prolog uses the POSIX notation for
filenames, which uses the forward slash (
) to
separate directories. Just before reaching the file system, SWI-Prolog
uses
prolog_to_os_filename/2
to convert the filename to the conventions used by the hosting operating
system. It is strongly advised to write paths using the /
,
especially on systems using the
/
for this purpose (MS-Windows). Using \
violates the portability rules and requires you to double the \
due to the Prolog quoted-atom escape rules.
\
Portable code should use prolog_to_os_filename/2 to convert computed paths into system paths when constructing commands for shell/1 and friends.
Thanks to Quintus, Prolog adapted an extensible mechanism for searching files using file_search_path/2. This mechanism allows for comfortable and readable specifications.
Suppose you have extensive library packages on graph algorithms, set operations and GUI primitives. These sub-projects are likely candidates for re-use in future projects. A good choice is to create a directory with sub-directories for each of these sub-projects.
Next, there are three options. One is to add the sub-projects to the directory hierarchy of the current project. Another is to use a completely dislocated directory. Third, the sub-project can be added to the SWI-Prolog hierarchy. Using local installation, a typical file_search_path/2 is:
:- prolog_load_context(directory, Dir), asserta(user:file_search_path(myapp, Dir)). user:file_search_path(graph, myapp(graph)). user:file_search_path(ui, myapp(ui)).
When using sub-projects in the SWI-Prolog hierarchy, one should use
the path alias swi
as basis. For a system-wide
installation, use an absolute path.
Extensive sub-projects with a small well-defined API should define a load file with calls to use_module/1 to import the various library components and export the API.
There are a number of tasks you typically carry out on your project, such as loading it, creating a saved state, debugging it, etc. Good practice on large projects is to define small files that hold the commands to execute such a task, name this file after the task and give it a file extension that makes starting easy (see section 3.1.1.1). The task load is generally central to these tasks. Here is a tentative list:
load.pl
run.pl
load.pl
in silent-mode, and calls one of the starting predicates from
load.pl
.
save.pl
load.pl
and calling qsave_program/2
to generate a saved state with the proper options.
debug.pl
load.pl
this file defines rules for portray/1
to modify printing rules for complex terms and customisation rules for
the debugger and editing environment. It may start some of these tools.
As discussed in section 2.18, SWI-Prolog supports international character handling. Its internal encoding is UNICODE. I/O streams convert to/from this internal format. This section discusses the options for source files not in US-ASCII.
SWI-Prolog can read files in any of the encodings described in
section 2.18. Two
encodings are of particular interest. The
text
encoding deals with the current locale, the
default used by this computer for representing text files. The encodings
utf8
, unicode_le
and unicode_be
are
UNICODE encodings: they can represent---in the same
file---characters of virtually any known language. In addition, they do
so unambiguously.
If one wants to represent non US-ASCII text as Prolog terms in a source file, there are several options:
\
octal\
. The numerical argument is
interpreted as a UNICODE character.44To
my knowledge, the ISO escape sequence is limited to 3 octal digits,
which means most characters cannot be represented. The
resulting Prolog file is strict 7-bit US-ASCII, but if there are many
NON-ASCII characters it becomes very unreadable.
:- encoding(utf8).
Many of today's text editors, including PceEmacs, are capable of editing
UTF-8 files. Projects that were started using local conventions can be
re-coded using the Unix
iconv tool or often using commands offered by the editor.